Contents:
Brain tumor
Brain tumor signs and symptoms:
the reasons
Pathophysiology:
Brain material
Spinal cord and other tissues
Diagnosis:
Photography
Pathology
Secondary tumors
Species and brain tumors
_____________________________________________________ Brain tumor
Brain tumor signs and symptoms:
the reasons
Pathophysiology:
Brain material
Spinal cord and other tissues
Diagnosis:
Photography
Pathology
Secondary tumors
Species and brain tumors
Brain cancer and brain tumors include all types of tumors that appear intracranial or in the central spinal canal. It is caused by the division of abnormal cells and can not be brought under control, it is often in the brain itself, but it also occurs in the lymphoid tissue, and blood vessels, and in the cranial or brain casings nerves (meningitis), Owaljmjmh, or the pituitary gland, or in Pineal gland. Inside the brain itself, it can happen that the cells divide out to be a nerve cells [doubt] or microglial cells, which include a few astrocytes and glial cells Alngsn and ependymal cells). It can also cause cancers in other organs (malignant tumors) in the spread of tumors in the brain.
And have no brain tumor is inherently dangerous and can lead to death due to the invasive nature and Infiltrative in the limited space in the cavity inside the skull. However, brain tumors (even those malignant) are not fatal, permanently, especially adipose tumor that is benign in nature. It can be brain tumors or tumors that appear intracranial cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign, however, malignancies or commonly benign tumors from those used in other types of cancerous or non-cancerous tumors in the body definitions vary. Relies level threat on a range of factors such as the type of tumor and its location, size and condition of the hand of evolution. because the brain is protected good protection through the skull, the early detection of brain tumors occurs only when it is directed diagnostic tools toward the cavity inside the skull. often discovery happens in stages advanced when the tumor causes symptoms has no explanation.
Often, the main brain tumors appear (real) in the background cranial fossa in children and in the anterior two-thirds of the cerebral hemispheres in adults, although it can affect any part of the brain.
Brain cancer, or intracranial tumor, occurs when abnormal cells are formed within the brain, there are two main types of tumors: malignant tumor (cancerous) and benign tumor
Cancerous tumors are divided into an initial tumors that start in the brain or secondary tumors that spread from elsewhere to Tnsagr within the brain, or what is known as metastasis in the brain. In this article we will deal with primary tumors. All types of tumors may result in symptoms vary depending on the location of the tumor in the brain Thml symptoms: headaches, convulsions, neurological, visual problems, vomiting and mental disorders. Headaches have traditionally is at its worst during the morning, and the secret of this headache when vomiting. The more specific problems include: difficulty walking, talking and feeling. With the development of the disease the patient may reach the unconscious state (coma).
Cause of most brain tumors are unknown. Risk
factors include genetic and genetic known as neurofibromatosis factors,
as well as exposure to industrial chemicals such as vinyl chloride, and
Epstein-Barr virus and ionizing radiation. There were some concerns from mobile phone radiation, but it has not been scientifically proven. The
most common types of primary tumors in adults are: meningiomas (usually
benign tumor), and astrocytomas like blastomatous glioma. In children the most common species Hoalorm myeloid malignant. Diagnosis is usually through a medical examination as well as for imaging computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Proves it usually take a biopsy. Based on the results of research; Divide the tumors into different degrees of severity.
Treatment may involve a combination of surgery and radiation therapy and chemotherapy. There may be a need to anticonvulsant drugs in the event of attacks. It can dexamethasone and furosemide is used to reduce swelling around the cancer. Some tumors grow gradually, which only requires a monitor, and probably does not need any further intervention. We are currently studying treatments that use the immune system of a person. Results vary greatly depending on the type of tumor and extent of the diagnosis. Blastomatous glioma usually bad results while meningiomas usually good results. The average rate of survival for five years 33% of patients with brain cancer in the United States.
Secondary brain tumors or mobile is the most common form of primary brain tumors, and nearly half of Anbthathat be coming from lung cancer. Primary brain tumors in about 250,000 people occur each year throughout the world, which constitute less than 2% of cancers. In children under the age of 15 brain tumors come in second after acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a cause of cancer. Australia's economic cost in the average case of brain cancer $ 1.9 million, more than any kind of tumors.
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Brain tumor signs and symptoms
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Signs and symptoms of a tumor in the brain depends mainly on the size of the tumor and its location. And the onset of symptoms - in the timetable for the development of the tumor - depends in many cases on the nature of the tumor (for being benign or malignant), and in many cases is also associated with a change in the nature of the tumors from the slow growth of the fastest growing.
Symptoms can be divided into both primary and secondary brain tumors into three main categories:
•
symptoms resulting from increased intracranial pressure (most of the
time be the first show): Large tumors or tumors with a large swelling
around the tumor (edema) will inevitably lead to high pressure inside
the skull which translates clinically into headaches, vomiting (with or
without nausea), awareness volatile
(drowsiness, coma), the pupil expands on the side of the injury
(anisocoria), Halima optic nerve edema (prominent optic disc in the
examination of the eye funduscopic). However, some small tumors obstructing the passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to provide such symptoms. Increased
intracranial pressure may lead to brain herniation (ie displacement) of
certain parts of the brain, such as Ozata cerebellum or bracket
temporal, leading to pressure the deadly trunk Damag.and young children
may cause a rise in intracranial pressure to increase in diameter skull
and bulging fontanelle.
•
dysfunction: Depending on the location of the tumor and damage that may
be caused to the structure of the brain around it, either by pressing
or infiltration, it may occur any kind of neurological symptoms, such as
impaired cognition and behavior (including poor judgment, memory loss
and an inability to identify,
disorders of spatial orientation), personality changes or emotional,
hemiparesis, hypoesthesia, aphasia, ataxia, weakness of the visual
field, poor sense of smell, and hearing loss, facial paralysis, double
vision, dizziness, but some of the most severe symptoms may occur also, such as paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia) and a decrease in swallowing. These
symptoms are not specific for brain tumors - as it may be caused by a
large variety of neurological diseases (such as stroke, traumatic brain
injury). But
what is important is the actual tumor and functional systems affected
site (such as movement, and the sense of sight, etc.). Defect
visual binary field may occur (hemianopia between the temples because
of the pressure on the optic chiasm), which is often associated with a
malfunction of the endocrine, either pituitary insufficiency or
increased secretion of pituitary hormones and increasing the production
of prolactin, and this indicates the presence of a tumor in the
pituitary gland.
• Irritability: abnormal fatigue, straying nervousness, tremors, and also epileptic seizures. Some of the symptoms of benign brain tumors for several years may not appear. Others may appear vague and intermittent symptoms such as headaches, vomiting and fatigue and may be a mistake in their diagnosis between him and digestive disorders. In these cases, the secondary symptoms need to be reviewed.
the reasons
There is a need for epidemiological studies to identify risk factors. Apart
from exposure to vinyl chloride or ionizing radiation, there are no
known environmental factors associated with brain tumors. Mutations
and delete the so-called suppressor genes of the tumor, such as P53, is
believed to be the cause of some forms of Aoorm in the brain. Inherited
traits, such as von Hippel Lindau disease, multiple tumors in the
endocrine, and neurofibromatosis type 2 carries a high risk of
developing brain tumors. Although
the studies did not show any link between cell phone or mobile phone
radiation and the incidence of brain tumors, but the World Health
Organization classified mobile phone radiation on the IARC scale in
Group 2B - which can cause cancer.
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Meninges
Surrounded human brains system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separates the brain from the skull. This cover is composed of three layers and are (from the inside out): dura ( "hard mother"), spider mother, and caring mother ( "Mother of Tender"). The arachnoid and pia are linked with each other, and thus that are often considered as a single layer, compassionate spider. Between the spider mother and pia mater There subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This liquid is going on in the narrow spaces between the cells and through the cavities in the brain called ventricles, to nourish and support and protect the brain tissue. Vascular intervention of the central nervous system through the ocean vacuum vessels epipial. The walls of the blood vessels adherent cells with each other tightly problem of the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from toxins that may enter through the blood. Tumors of the meninges called Balshaiah are often benign.
Brain material
The brains of humans and other vertebrates consist of tissue is very soft gelatin-like texture. Living tissue pink color from the outside (gray matter), and almost white in color on the inside (white matter), with slight variations in color. Three separate areas of the brain that makes up most of its size:
• terminal brain (cerebral hemispheres and brain)
• midbrain (midbrain)
• cerebellum
It consists of two layers of these areas and broad of cells: neurons and glial cells. These two types are equal in number in the brain as a whole, although glial cells outnumber neurons by nearly 4-1 in the cerebral cortex. Glial cells come in several types, and perform a number of important functions, including structural support, support metabolism, insulation, and directed growth. Called primary tumors of glial cells, a malignant gliomas most often.
Spinal cord and other tissues
Cerebellar bridge in the brain is a specific area is made up of axons myelin, such as the installation of the spinal cord. Hypothalamus gland and the hypothalamus in the brain interface (average) is also made up of neurons and glial cells, tissues with the pituitary and pineal gland at the bottom of the brain; Pituitary tumors and pineal gland are often benign. Medulla oblongata be at the beginning of the spinal cord and consists of a key! Of neurons damaged by Schwann cells and tissues of meningitis. The spinal cord is made up of bundles of these themes. Glial cells such as exist in the vicinity of the rope Schwann cells or within the same rope, a few bifurcation, themselves around the axon damage, and thus promotes faster transfer electrical signals and provide protection to the surrounding environment of the rope, and in parts of the rope are these cells move various chemical compounds after exposure stimulation or injury.
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Most brain cells are separated from the blood stream through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents the entry of all vehicles or substances in the blood to the brain. Therefore the transmission of the tumor to the brain only in the case of a defect in the blood-brain barrier. Which can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, and the main index for the diagnosis of malignant gliomas, meningiomas, and brain Alanaathat considered.
Despite the lack of specific clinical symptoms of brain tumors, the presence of a range of symptoms and the absence of clinical indicators for infections or other can be a pointer to the possibility of the presence of intracranial tumors. May be difficult to diagnose these tumors because they differ from the rest of the body tumors, however they behave distinctive depending on the location.
Diagnosis will often by taking a medical history, referring to the medical history, current symptoms. According to the clinical and laboratory investigations to exclude infections that may be the cause of the symptoms. The tests can be at this stage include the eyes, Otolaryngology (or ENT) and electrical Vhsosat to brain waves. And the use of electrical (EEG) often plays a role in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Swelling or hinder the passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain (early) may cause signs of increased intracranial pressure which translates clinically into headaches, vomiting, or a change in the state of consciousness, either in children change their minds Qatar skull and bulging fontanelle. When you get the most complicated symptoms such imbalances endocrine doctors should pay attention not to the exclusion of brain tumors.
Visual binary field defect (because of the pressure on the optic chiasm), or the expansion of the pupil, or the occurrence of any evolved slowly or sudden onset of neurological symptoms, such as cognitive impairment and behavior (including poor judgment, memory loss, inability to identify and excellence, disorders of orientation spatial), personal changes or emotional changes, hemiparesis, hypoesthesia, aphasia, ataxia, weakness of the visual field, poor sense of smell, and hearing loss, facial paralysis, double vision, or more severe symptoms such as tremors, paralysis on one side such as paraplegia of the body, or (epilepsy) in a patient with no history of epilepsy, it should raise the possibility of a brain tumor.
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Pathophysiology
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Meninges
Surrounded human brains system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separates the brain from the skull. This cover is composed of three layers and are (from the inside out): dura ( "hard mother"), spider mother, and caring mother ( "Mother of Tender"). The arachnoid and pia are linked with each other, and thus that are often considered as a single layer, compassionate spider. Between the spider mother and pia mater There subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This liquid is going on in the narrow spaces between the cells and through the cavities in the brain called ventricles, to nourish and support and protect the brain tissue. Vascular intervention of the central nervous system through the ocean vacuum vessels epipial. The walls of the blood vessels adherent cells with each other tightly problem of the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from toxins that may enter through the blood. Tumors of the meninges called Balshaiah are often benign.
Brain material
The brains of humans and other vertebrates consist of tissue is very soft gelatin-like texture. Living tissue pink color from the outside (gray matter), and almost white in color on the inside (white matter), with slight variations in color. Three separate areas of the brain that makes up most of its size:
• terminal brain (cerebral hemispheres and brain)
• midbrain (midbrain)
• cerebellum
It consists of two layers of these areas and broad of cells: neurons and glial cells. These two types are equal in number in the brain as a whole, although glial cells outnumber neurons by nearly 4-1 in the cerebral cortex. Glial cells come in several types, and perform a number of important functions, including structural support, support metabolism, insulation, and directed growth. Called primary tumors of glial cells, a malignant gliomas most often.
Spinal cord and other tissues
Cerebellar bridge in the brain is a specific area is made up of axons myelin, such as the installation of the spinal cord. Hypothalamus gland and the hypothalamus in the brain interface (average) is also made up of neurons and glial cells, tissues with the pituitary and pineal gland at the bottom of the brain; Pituitary tumors and pineal gland are often benign. Medulla oblongata be at the beginning of the spinal cord and consists of a key! Of neurons damaged by Schwann cells and tissues of meningitis. The spinal cord is made up of bundles of these themes. Glial cells such as exist in the vicinity of the rope Schwann cells or within the same rope, a few bifurcation, themselves around the axon damage, and thus promotes faster transfer electrical signals and provide protection to the surrounding environment of the rope, and in parts of the rope are these cells move various chemical compounds after exposure stimulation or injury.
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Diagnosis
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Most brain cells are separated from the blood stream through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents the entry of all vehicles or substances in the blood to the brain. Therefore the transmission of the tumor to the brain only in the case of a defect in the blood-brain barrier. Which can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, and the main index for the diagnosis of malignant gliomas, meningiomas, and brain Alanaathat considered.
Despite the lack of specific clinical symptoms of brain tumors, the presence of a range of symptoms and the absence of clinical indicators for infections or other can be a pointer to the possibility of the presence of intracranial tumors. May be difficult to diagnose these tumors because they differ from the rest of the body tumors, however they behave distinctive depending on the location.
Diagnosis will often by taking a medical history, referring to the medical history, current symptoms. According to the clinical and laboratory investigations to exclude infections that may be the cause of the symptoms. The tests can be at this stage include the eyes, Otolaryngology (or ENT) and electrical Vhsosat to brain waves. And the use of electrical (EEG) often plays a role in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Swelling or hinder the passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain (early) may cause signs of increased intracranial pressure which translates clinically into headaches, vomiting, or a change in the state of consciousness, either in children change their minds Qatar skull and bulging fontanelle. When you get the most complicated symptoms such imbalances endocrine doctors should pay attention not to the exclusion of brain tumors.
Visual binary field defect (because of the pressure on the optic chiasm), or the expansion of the pupil, or the occurrence of any evolved slowly or sudden onset of neurological symptoms, such as cognitive impairment and behavior (including poor judgment, memory loss, inability to identify and excellence, disorders of orientation spatial), personal changes or emotional changes, hemiparesis, hypoesthesia, aphasia, ataxia, weakness of the visual field, poor sense of smell, and hearing loss, facial paralysis, double vision, or more severe symptoms such as tremors, paralysis on one side such as paraplegia of the body, or (epilepsy) in a patient with no history of epilepsy, it should raise the possibility of a brain tumor.
Photography
Medical imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Has been abandoned dangerous the old ways, such as brain imaging injected gas and cerebral angiography and replaced by high-resolution techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography imaging (computed tomography) scans. Tumors often will appear colorful and different for a doctor (also referred to as operations) in the results of CT or MRI.
• benign brain tumors often appear as darker than normal brain tissue on a CT scan (CT). But the MRI, they appear either dark or with the same intensity as in the brain tissue on T1-weighted scans, or (brighter than brain tissue) T2-weighted scans, although the appearance of a variable.
• When the brain uptake of chemicals called (contrast) agents, can detect most of the primary brain tumors and secondary tumors (malignant metastatic) in any of the X-CT or MRI.
•
pressure areas where pressure on the brain tissue of the tumor was
vividly shown on the T2-weighted scans, and may indicate the presence of
a tumor is widespread because of the non-visible surrounding the tumor
border. The presence of the bulge of fluid around the tumor, known as edema surrounding the tumor, which may show a similar result.
This is because these tumors disrupt the normal traffic of the BBB and lead to increased permeability.
However, it is not possible to diagnose high grade gliomas of low-grade glial tumors based on the consolidation pattern only.
You
can confirm the final diagnosis of a brain tumor just by histological
examination of tumor tissue samples obtained either by brain biopsy or
open surgery. Histological examination is necessary to determine the appropriate treatment and proper diagnosis.
This
examination, performed by a pathologist, is in three stages: during the
screening process of new tissue, the initial microscopic examination of
the tissues of the stomach, and the follow-up examination of the
stomach tissue after histological immune or genetic analysis of the
chemical examination.
Pathology
Tumors have characteristics allow the identification of whether malicious or how it will evolve, and identifying these characteristics allows the medical team to determine a plan for treatment.
Anaplasia or dedifferentiation: the loss of cell differentiation or interdependence, which is characteristic of tumor tissue metamorphic features. Metamorphic losing full control of the regular functions and many of them have cells deteriorate the cell structures. Mutated cells which are often attributed to the nuclear cytoplasm (the charge) is abnormally high, many of which have multi-core.
In addition, the nuclei of mutated cells are usually in the form of abnormal or enlarged. Cells can become Lakshmi in two ways: the cancerous tumor cells can become primitive, or cancer stem cells can increase in their ability to reproduce (ie growth is controlled because of the failure of differentiation).
Stereotype: a sign of a defect in the cells (which may be indicator of metastasis).
Important difference is largely dependent on the content. Tumors: Is the cell division (uncontrolled). As such, the tumors are not the problem but the results: Faalanksam non-expired more than size, and if they were in a tight, such as cranial cavity where the problem is evolving rapidly because the bloc will sweep the brain somewhere and pay aside, leading to pressure on the brain tissue, and increased pressure inside the skull and destroy the brain parenchyma (visceral tissue).
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) may be due to the direct effect of tumor size, increased blood volume, or increase the size of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which in turn can cause secondary symptoms.
Cell death (necrosis), and cell death, resulting from external factors such as infection, poison or shock.
Dead cells send chemical signals a wrong turn off the spigot phagocytes to get rid of dead skin cells, which leads to the accumulation of dead tissue, and the wreckage of the cell and toxins at or near the site of dead cells.
Lack of oxygen in the Alhrain and veins, or loss of adequate supplies of oxygen to certain areas of the brain, occur when exploit the tumor surrounding normal tissue blood supply to compete with him in taking food and oxygen.
The most tumors cause the launch of the final products of metabolism (eg, free ions, metals, neurotransmitters), and the launch of cytokines that disrupt the function of the normal tissue. Classification.
Secondary tumors
Secondary tumors of the brain is kind of spread, and have invaded the brain of cancers that originate in other organs.
This means that the tumor originated in another organ of the body and then spread through the blood vessels and the lymphatic system system. And then I arrived to the bloodstream, and finally settled in the brain to continue to grow and divide.
Secondary tumors becoming common in patients who suffer from cancer anywhere in the body N healing.
The most common cancers that led to the creation of secondary tumors in the brain types are: lung cancer, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, kidney cancer and colon cancer (in descending order according to the repetition).
Secondary brain tumors more common than those of primary; in the United States there are about 170,000 new cases each year.
The secondary brain tumors are the most common tumors of the cause of the cavity inside the skull. It also could be the bones of the skull are susceptible to tumor because it is inherently reduces the size of the cavity inside the skull, and can cause damage in the brain.
Through behavior brain tumors or tumors inside the skull can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). However, the definition of benign or malignant tumors differ from those commonly used in other types of cancerous tumors or cancer in the body.
Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue, three characteristics distinguish malignant tumors from benign.
• uncontrolled division (growth and division over natural boundaries).
• uncontrolled division (growth and division over natural boundaries).
• anaplasia: cells in tumors have a different and clear form (size and shape). Metamorphic usually multiple cells where the observed shapes. The nucleus of cancer cells characterized by extremely high as variegated and large Aljehm. The size of the nucleus may reach the same size as the cytoplasm of the cell (microkernel proportion to the visceral may approach 1: 1, instead of the normal 1: 4 or 1: 6). Giant cells - much larger than their neighbors - may constitute owns either a tremendous nucleus of one or several nuclei. Nuclei mutated cells variable and quaint in size and shape.
•
invasion or infiltration: Is the spatial expansion of the tumor through
the uncontrolled division, meaning that the tumors invading the space
occupied by the neighboring tissue, pushing aside other tissues and
cause pressure on tissues. These tumors are often clear when shooting. Intrusion
is the tumor's behavior either to grow Kalmkhalb lined in the tissue
surrounding natural (often making the outline of the tumor is not
clear), or to be cancerous cells in the tissue outside the perimeter of
the block and throws; this does not mean that the tumor infiltrative
takes no space or not tissue
surrounding it compresses it to grow, but in the tumor infiltration, is
hard to say where the tumor ends or from where healthy tissue begins.
Some of the characteristics of malignant tumors do not apply to tumors in the brain:
Rarely primary brain tumors move to other organs. Some forms of primary brain tumors, but the transition will not spread outside the cranial cavity or the central spinal canal. This is due to the blood-brain barrier to BBB. Many classification systems are used to classify the tumor in the central nervous system, and using the World Health Organization (WHO) grading system of the tumor stellar. Established in 1993, the World Health Organization in an attempt to eliminate confusion regarding the diagnosis, histological four levels of classification of stellar tumors from 1 to 4.1 least aggressive and 4 the most aggressive.
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Species and brain tumors
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Tumors can be benign or malignant, and can occur in different parts of the brain, and can be primary or secondary. Initial tumor is, which began in the brain, reversing the metastatic tumor, a tumor that has spread to the brain from another part of the Aljsm.o metastatic tumor more common than primary tumors by 4: 1. tumors may have symptoms or not: Some discovery tumors because the patient suffers from symptoms, while others accidentally discovers the optical scanning and imaging, or autopsy.
Primary brain tumors are the most common:
• gliomas (50.4%)
• Meningococcal (20.8%)
• pituitary tumors (15%)
• nerve sheath tumors (8%)
• Meningococcal (20.8%)
• pituitary tumors (15%)
• nerve sheath tumors (8%)